Knowledge Centre — PortfolioCheck

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PortfolioCheck screens a Ghanaian bank's property/mortgage book for physical climate risk — flood, coastal/sea-level, extreme heat, riparian proximity, land/contamination and drought — at the level of each individual asset, then translates that into collateral and credit terms (haircut, stressed LTV, an indicative climate ECL overlay) and structures it for the Bank of Ghana Climate-Related Financial Risk Directive. It is built for bank risk & sustainability teams, and a Supervisor edition aggregates it for the Bank of Ghana.

The four surfaces

Dashboard

Live KPIs, a Ghana risk map, filters, the IPCC/NGFS scenario toggle and an action queue. Open →

Originate

Screen a single mortgage at application: refer / proceed-with-conditions / proceed. Open →

Board report & BoG return

The printable, regulator-ready report and the semi-annual return. Open →

Supervisor edition

The Bank-of-Ghana system-wide view across banks. Open →

Model validation

The Accra-2015 flood hindcast, parameter sensitivity, governance & changelog. Open →

Technical specification

The living review document — every formula & constant, auto-generated from the engine. Open →

BoG Directive alignment

The living clause-by-clause map to the Climate-Related Financial Risk Directive (2024) — what the tool produces, feeds, and leaves to the bank. Open →

Your first five minutes

Open the Dashboard — it loads a synthetic 200-asset demo book, no sign-up.
Read the summary and the headline KPIs (exposure at High+ risk, collateral shortfall, climate ECL).
Flip the scenario & horizon (Today / 2030 / 2050 / 2100; IPCC or NGFS) to watch risk migrate.
Click any asset to see its hazard profile, its future under each scenario, and to record completed adaptation measures that re-score it.
Open the Board report and the BoG return to see the regulatory deliverables — then bring your own book via the upload.

Who built it & why you can trust the numbers

Built by Dr. Minka Aduse-Poku — a Ghanaian environmental & climate scientist (PhD, University of Cologne, 2025), peer reviewer for the Elsevier journals Urban Climate and Building and Environment, and published on climate-risk methodology. Independent and Ghana-focused — not a repackaged global product. The purpose of this page is that you can assess the tool yourself, cold, without taking anyone's word for it.

Nothing is hidden

Every formula and constant is published in the living technical specification — generated from the running engine, so it can never drift from the code.

It shows its own validation

An Accra 3-June-2015 flood hindcast (it flags the flooded localities and spares the higher ground) plus a parameter-sensitivity table — the evidence a model-validation team asks for.

Your data never leaves the bank

It deploys on-premise / air-gapped; the public demo runs in your browser and stores nothing. No book is uploaded to any vendor cloud.

No lock-in, continuation-proof

A standard open stack, no proprietary dependencies; the full methodology and code are portable and can be handed to your own team or any successor — not a black box tied to one person.

It is honest about its limits. This is screening-grade decision-support — not a property valuation, an insurance determination, or a substitute for your IFRS 9 / PD-LGD models; it covers physical (not transition) risk; and its financial constants are illustrative until calibrated to your own loss data. Every board report carries a gap register naming exactly what the screen does not do and who must close it.

On the regulator: the tool is built to the Bank of Ghana Climate-Related Financial Risk Directive and speaks its language — the semi-annual return, NGFS scenarios, PCAF data quality. We are actively willing to engage the Bank of Ghana to align it to their standardized disclosure template. That is offered as a collaboration, not a claim of pre-approval — the methodology is fully open here for any supervisor to examine.

Responsible use & data protection

This tool is for pricing and de-risking, not exclusion. Flagging a property as high-risk is an input to risk-based pricing, an adaptation condition, or a green / resilience loan — never a reason on its own to deny a community credit. Ghana's most climate-exposed neighbourhoods are often its most underserved; used well, the tool keeps credit flowing to them by turning a flood risk into a financeable, verifiable fix (the drainage / raised-plinth adaptation credits) rather than a blanket "no". It must not be used to redline a locality, and the borrower's individual circumstances and any completed adaptation must always be weighed.

Data protection (Ghana Data Protection Act, 2012 — Act 843). The tool screens property locations and loan attributes, not personal data — it needs only a location, exposure and LTV, not borrower PII. The public demo is wholly synthetic and stores nothing; an uploaded book is held in memory only. For a real book the tool deploys on-premise / air-gapped, so data never leaves the bank; accounts use hashed passwords and server-side sessions, and the app sends a strict set of security headers (HSTS, CSP, anti-framing, no-sniff).

Accessibility. The tool works toward WCAG 2.2 AA: risk is conveyed by text labels as well as colour (never colour alone), the map carries an accessible label and the same data is in the sortable table, the action queue is keyboard-navigable (tab to a row, press Enter), and animations honour the reduce-motion setting. A full independent audit is on the roadmap — if you hit a barrier, tell us and we'll fix it.

How the tool works

The pipeline: ingest a book → geolocate each asset (coordinates, GhanaPostGPS, or geocoded address) → screen six hazards → combine into a composite vulnerability → translate to money (AAL → collateral repricing → climate ECL) → project under IPCC/NGFS scenarios → apply recorded adaptation → output the dashboard, board report and BoG return.

The six hazards

Hazard	What it captures
Flood	Pluvial / riverine flood susceptibility at the parcel (urban flood basins, drainage).
Coastal	Coastal erosion & sea-level rise from shoreline proximity and documented hotspots.
Heat	Extreme-heat / thermal stress (latitude gradient + urban-heat-island).
Riparian	Proximity to watercourses and their buffers.
Land	Protected-area / Ramsar / contamination land constraints.
Drought	Water-stress / dry-spell exposure (savanna north).

Seed vs live screen, and satellite-observed flood

Two depths of screen. The seed model is an instant, offline Ghana-geography model — the right tool to triage a whole book fast. A live screen overlays the on-premise SafeGround and FloodGuard engines for an authoritative single-asset read, and is the default at origination. A live screen also queries Sentinel-1 — Copernicus C-band radar that sees through cloud, day or night — for observed flood: where the satellite actually recorded standing water on the parcel (UN-SPIDER change detection), the flood finding is floored at High and labelled as measured reality, distinct from modelled susceptibility, with the date it was seen. This is strongest for open-water / floodplain / riverine exposure (for example the Lower Volta / Akosombo 2023 floods); by its physics it does not capture brief urban flash-flooding under rooftops, so an empty result in a dense city is a sensor limitation, not an all-clear. Coverage (currently Greater Accra and the Lower Volta) is being extended nationwide under quality control.

Vulnerability score

Each hazard is scored 0–1. The composite is 50% weighted hazard load + 50% worst hazard, scaled to 0–100 and banded: Low <25 · Moderate 25–50 · High 50–75 · Critical ≥75. The 50% worst-hazard term means a single severe hazard cannot be diluted away by averaging.

The six weights adapt to each asset through its risk profile (coastal / floodplain / farmland / urban), so the most eminent threat leads the composite — a sea-threatened villa is led by coastal / sea-level, a field by drought. A coastal or floodplain designation also floors that lead peril at High (transparently, only ever raising a score). Untagged assets use the standard building weighting, unchanged, and every weight is recalibratable to the bank's own loss experience.

Hazard → money

Two channels, kept separate so neither is double-counted. (1) Physical damage (AAL): per-hazard Average Annual Loss = ceiling × score^1.5, combined across hazards; mostly uninsured in Ghana, so it falls on the collateral. (2) Market repricing: a forward collateral devaluation as the market prices in a share of that AAL plus insurability — this raises stressed LTV and LGD. Both feed an indicative ECL = PD × LGD × EAD overlay, with a downturn-floored LGD and a PD that rises with negative equity and uninsured damage. The per-hazard AAL ceilings are calibrated against the JRC Africa flood depth-damage curve (Huizinga et al. 2017); the per-asset AAL is a transparent screening proxy (ceiling × score^1.5), not a full depth-damage integration. Every constant is illustrative and exposed for calibration to the bank's loss data.

Forward-looking scenarios

Every asset can be pulled through the three IPCC AR6 pathways (SSP1-2.6 / SSP2-4.5 / SSP5-8.5) and the three NGFS pathways (Net Zero 2050 / Delayed Transition / Current Policies) across 2030 / 2050 / 2100. Each hazard is intensified by an AR6-grounded factor (Rx1day rainfall, hot-day count, consecutive dry days, sea-level rise) applied with a bounded saturating projection s' = s(1+kf)/(1+s·kf), so a projection never exceeds 1.0 and a high-risk asset saturates while mid-range assets move most.

Adaptation & evidence gating

A bank records the measures completed on a property (drainage/SuDS, raised plinth, floodproofing, property flood resilience, sea defence, cool/green roof, retention); each carries a defensible risk-reduction credit that flows through band, AAL and ECL. Credits combine multiplicatively with caps. Crucially they are conservative by default: a measure is self-reported (zero credit) until the asset is evidence-verified — so a bank cannot lower a regulatory figure by self-attestation alone. To claim credit, the bank ticks the completed measures on the asset and files them with "Submit to BoG with evidence" — the ticked measures are bundled with the supporting documents into a dated case for the supervisor; the credit flows only once the Bank of Ghana accepts that evidence, and every case carries a tamper-evident fingerprint.

Data quality (PCAF)

Every asset carries a PCAF-style 1–5 data-quality flag (a screening tool is never better than 3). The honesty layer means a supervisor always sees how good the underlying data is.

Frameworks

Outputs are mapped to the BoG Climate-Related Financial Risk Directive, the Ghana Sustainable Banking Principles, IFRS S2 / TCFD, NGFS and PCAF. The board report carries a framework-conformance matrix and an honest gap register.

What it deliberately does NOT do. It is not a property valuation, an insurance determination, or the bank's PD/LGD or IFRS 9 ECL model; it covers physical (not transition) risk; forward figures are scenario estimates, not forecasts; and financial constants are illustrative until calibrated to the bank's loss data. It also does not constitute or replace an Environmental Impact Assessment or an EPA permit under LI 1652 / the Environmental Protection Act 1124 (2025); a high environmental flag should prompt the proper EPA process. It complements and feeds the bank's models — it does not replace or certify them.

FAQ

Grouped by who's asking. Use the search box above to jump to a topic.

General

What is PortfolioCheck, in one line?

A Ghana-localised tool that screens a bank's property/mortgage book for physical climate risk (flood, coastal, heat and more), translates it into collateral and credit terms, and structures the result for the Bank of Ghana Climate-Related Financial Risk Directive.

Is it a property valuation or an insurance determination?

No. It is screening-grade decision-support that flags collateral for attention. It is not a surveyed valuation, an insurance determination, or the bank's PD/LGD or IFRS 9 ECL model — it feeds those, it does not replace them.

How accurate are the numbers — are they real?

The hazard layers are Ghana-resolution; the financial constants are honestly labelled illustrative and exposed for calibration to a bank's own loss data. Every output is screening-grade triage, and the methodology and assumptions are shown, not hidden.

Is my data safe?

The public demo runs in your browser and persists nothing; uploaded books are held in memory only. For a production book the tool deploys on-premise / air-gapped, so the data never leaves the bank or the supervisor.

Do I have to sign up or upload anything to evaluate it?

No. The whole tool is open to explore with no sign-up — a synthetic 200-asset demo book is loaded so you can see the dashboard, the board report, the BoG return, the supervisor view, the validation page and the full technical specification without providing any data of your own.

Who built this, and is it independent?

It is built by Dr. Minka Aduse-Poku — a Ghanaian environmental & climate scientist (PhD, University of Cologne; peer reviewer for the Elsevier journals Urban Climate and Building and Environment; published on climate-risk methodology). It is a purpose-built Ghana tool, not a repackaged global product, and its entire methodology is published so it can be assessed on its merits.

What happens to the tool if the vendor disappears? (continuity)

It is deliberately continuation-proof: a standard open stack with no proprietary or single-platform dependencies, deployable on-premise, with the full methodology and code portable and documented. It can be handed to the bank's own team or any successor — you are never locked into one person or one platform. This is treated as a first-class design requirement, not an afterthought.

Responsible use

Won't flagging flood-prone areas lead to redlining poor communities?

No — and this is now enforced in the logic, not just policy. At origination, a high or under-collateralised climate flag on an ADDRESSABLE risk resolves to “Refer for adaptation structuring — finance a verifiable fix, then re-screen”, never a location-based denial; the decision object carries an explicit anti-redlining statement. A high-risk flag is an input to risk-based pricing, an adaptation condition, or a green/resilience loan. The most exposed neighbourhoods are often the most underserved; the tool is designed to keep credit flowing to them by turning a flood risk into a financeable, verifiable fix (the drainage/plinth adaptation credits). It must never be used to redline a locality, and completed adaptation and individual borrower circumstances must be weighed. This aligns with Ghana SBP Principle 3 and the IFC SBFN just-transition lens.

Does it cover nature / biodiversity risk (TNFD)?

No, and that is a deliberate, declared boundary. PortfolioCheck covers physical climate risk only. Nature-related financial risk — TNFD-style dependencies and impacts on ecosystems — is out of scope; the “Land” hazard is a proximity screen to protected areas / Ramsar wetlands / contamination, NOT a nature dependency or impact assessment. Assess nature-related risk through a separate TNFD-aligned process. (See the gap register on every board report.)

How does it fit the IFC SBFN and financial-inclusion goals?

The tool maps onto the IFC SBFN Measurement Framework (ESG integration + climate-risk management pillars — adopting one common physical-risk method advances a bank's ESG-integration and climate sub-indicators up the Formulating → Advancing → Maturing ladder) and completes all seven Ghana Sustainable Banking Principles (P4 financial inclusion / women's economic empowerment and P6 capacity building are shown honestly as the bank's, out of a physical-collateral screen's scope). Financial-inclusion, gender and just-transition dimensions are assessed by the bank; the tool's contribution is keeping credit flowing to exposed communities via a financeable fix.

How is personal data protected (Ghana Data Protection Act / Act 843)?

The tool screens property locations and loan attributes, not borrower identity — you need only a location, exposure and LTV, no name/ID/phone. Under Act 843 a precise residential address tied to a loan can still be personal data, so for a real book the bank submits a pseudonymised asset_id and omits borrower-identifying free-text, and the deployment is on-premise with the data volume encrypted at rest. The engines that overlay live data (SafeGround/FloodGuard) run on the same box (internal); the optional external climate/GhanaPostGPS lookups are OFF by default (air-gapped) and only reach a third party if you opt in — an on-premise install sets PORTFOLIOCHECK_OFFLINE=1 so nothing leaves your network. The public demo is synthetic and stores nothing; uploaded books are held in memory only; accounts use PBKDF2 password hashing and server-side sessions; and the app sends a strict set of security response headers.

Is the tool accessible?

It works toward WCAG 2.2 AA: risk is shown with text labels as well as colour (never colour alone), the map has an accessible label and the same data is available in the sortable table, the action queue is keyboard-navigable (tab to a row and press Enter to open it), and animations respect the operating-system reduce-motion setting. A full independent accessibility audit is on the roadmap.

Banks

What data do I need to provide?

A CSV of your book: a location per asset (coordinates, a GhanaPostGPS digital address, or a plain address that we geocode), plus exposure and LTV. Optional columns add property type, completed adaptation measures and an evidence-verified flag.

Does it replace my IFRS 9 / PD-LGD models?

No — it complements them. It produces an indicative annual-marginal climate ECL overlay and a collateral view that feed your existing credit and IFRS 9 process; you substitute your own PD/LGD term structure and recovery model.

Will the Bank of Ghana accept the output?

It is built to the Directive: a geolocated semi-annual return (Para 48) with a methodology-transparency block, mapped to BoG, IFRS S2, NGFS, PCAF and the SBP. A living, clause-by-clause alignment page (/directive) shows exactly which requirements the tool produces, which it feeds, and what stays with the bank. Because all banks can run the identical common method and parameter set, submissions are comparable — the basis on which a supervisor accepts them. Confirm the final format against BoG's forthcoming Standardized Disclosure Template (Para 46).

How do I screen a single mortgage at origination?

Use the Originate screen (or the /api/screen endpoint for your loan-origination system): enter the address and exposure and it returns a refer / proceed-with-conditions / proceed decision with the hazard profile and conditions.

Can the risk weighting be tuned per asset — so a sea-threatened property is led by coastal risk?

Yes. Each asset carries a risk profile that adapts the six-hazard materiality weighting to its dominant physical setting, so the most eminent threat leads its composite. Tag it coastal (sea-level / erosion), floodplain (flood / riparian), farmland (drought-led) or urban — via a 'risk_profile' column in the book, or the Risk-weighting selector on the Originate screen. A coastal or floodplain designation is treated as the bank's professional judgment that the lead peril is materially present and floors that hazard at High — transparently labelled on the finding, only ever raising a score (never lowering a higher measured or Sentinel-1-observed one) and overridable by re-tagging. Untagged assets score on the standard building weighting, unchanged. The probe also suggests the fitting profile from the asset's own setting, and every profile weight vector is recalibratable to a bank's own loss experience — nothing is hidden.

Can it show that a property actually flooded, not just its modelled risk?

Yes — a live screen overlays Sentinel-1 satellite radar (Copernicus C-band, which sees through cloud day or night) and, where it recorded standing water on the parcel (UN-SPIDER change detection), reports an observed flood on a specific date and floors the flood rating — measured reality, distinct from the model, labelled as such. It is strongest for open-water / floodplain / riverine collateral (for example the Lower Volta / Akosombo 2023 floods); by its physics it does not capture brief urban flash-flooding under rooftops, so an empty result in a dense city is a sensor limitation, not an all-clear. Current coverage (Greater Accra and the Lower Volta) is being extended nationwide under quality control. It never lowers a score — it can only raise flood to observed-High.

How does a bank submit adaptation evidence to the Bank of Ghana?

On the asset, tick the completed measures, then use “Submit to BoG with evidence”: the ticked measures are carried into a dated case, you attach the supporting documents (PDF, PNG, JPG or DOCX) and a short note, and file it to the supervisor. Filing is explicit, never automatic — a ticked measure is only a bank claim and earns no regulatory credit until BoG accepts the evidence. The bank tracks each case's status (submitted / accepted / more-information requested); the supervisor sees the measures, the documents and a tamper-evident fingerprint, and only a supervisory acceptance activates the risk-score improvement.

What does it cost?

Engagements start with a free pilot on a sample of your real book; production is a licence (annual portfolio screening + optional per-origination API), positioned at a fraction of the six-figure global platforms and available on-premise.

Bank of Ghana

How does this help us supervise the CRFR Directive?

Each bank screens on the same engine and submits the standardised return; the Supervisor edition aggregates submissions into a system-wide view with a peer league table, the correlated single-event concentration, and the verified-vs-self-reported adaptation split — the comparability the Directive needs but leaves to each bank's method.

Are banks' submissions actually comparable?

Yes, when they run the locked common parameter set ('BoG baseline'), which is stamped on every return. Any deviation a bank makes is disclosed, so a supervisor always knows which assumptions produced the numbers.

How are adaptation (de-risking) claims kept honest?

Recorded measures are treated as self-reported and receive no regulatory credit until the supervisor accepts the evidence (site inspection / as-built / maintenance covenant). The return discloses accepted versus pending measures, so self-attestation cannot lower a regulatory return.

EPA & environmental

What environmental and hazard data sources are used?

The screening SEED model is keyed to Ghana's physical geography (documented flood basins, the coastal-erosion belt, river lines, urban-heat and savanna-drought gradients). In live mode it overlays the SafeGround/FloodGuard engines and climate reanalysis; forward projection uses IPCC AR6 and the World Bank Climate Knowledge Portal.

How is riparian proximity defined, and what buffer triggers a flag?

Riparian is a property's proximity to the mapped watercourse network; it is intended to align with Ghana's Riparian Buffer Zone Policy (2014) and Water Resources Commission buffers (roughly 10 m for small streams up to 60 m+ for major rivers and Ramsar-linked systems). A flag means the asset sits within or near such a buffer and warrants review — it is not an automatic legal determination of a buffer breach.

How are protected areas, Ramsar wetlands and contaminated land handled?

The land hazard flags proximity to protected areas (World Database on Protected Areas plus curated Ghana datasets), including Ghana's Ramsar sites (Densu Delta, Sakumo, Korle, Muni-Pomadze, Keta, Owabi), and known land/contamination constraints. This is indicative screening only — WDPA and contamination coverage for Ghana is coarse and incomplete, so proximity should be verified against EPA and Forestry Commission records.

Does this align with or replace Ghana's EIA / EPA permitting?

No. PortfolioCheck is a financial climate-risk screening tool for lenders, not an environmental-compliance instrument. It does not constitute or replace an Environmental Impact Assessment or an Environmental Permit under LI 1652 or the Environmental Protection Act 1124 (2025). A high flood, coastal, riparian or contamination flag should prompt the user to check whether the site triggers EPA permitting/EIA obligations and to engage a qualified assessor.

Are the green-infrastructure adaptation credits scientifically sound?

Yes, with bounds. Green roofs and cool roofs credit the HEAT hazard only (roof cooling), not flood; SuDS/drainage and on-site retention credit pluvial flood at modest, capped levels — they are not read as flood-defence-grade protection. Credits are defensible engineering priors (FEMA/USACE/NIBS, Kreibich, Defra/CIRIA, cool-roof literature), capped per hazard, illustrative pending local calibration, and only counted in full once evidence-verified with a maintenance covenant.

IFC & World Bank

What is the scientific basis of the loss model?

Per-hazard AAL ceilings are calibrated against the JRC Africa flood depth-damage curve (Huizinga et al. 2017, World Bank-hosted) and First Street / UNDRR AAL tiers; the per-asset AAL is a transparent screening proxy — ceiling × hazard-score^1.5 — not a full depth-damage integration per parcel. This is a documented simplification appropriate for portfolio triage, and the constants are exposed for calibration to the bank's loss data. Forward scenarios use IPCC AR6 / NGFS intensification with a bounded saturating projection.

How is the tool validated?

See the live Model validation & governance page (/validation). It carries a hindcast of the documented 3 June 2015 Accra/Odaw flood (the flood layer flags the inundated localities and spares the higher-ground control areas), a parameter-sensitivity analysis (each finance constant ±20%, ranked by impact — the forced-sale recovery dominates, no single knob runs away), a versioned changelog and a dataset-vintage registry. Financial constants are additionally calibratable to a bank's own loss experience via a back-solve helper; until calibrated, figures are for triage and disclosure, not provisioning.

How does it handle systemic and concentration risk?

At portfolio level it reports concentration by region, property type and hazard, plus a correlated single-event figure (one severe event striking all High+ assets in a region at once). At supervisor level it aggregates standardised submissions across banks to reveal sector-wide concentration and where multiple banks are exposed to the SAME hotspots — the core systemic signal — and lets the supervisor re-run any bank's book centrally as a top-down cross-check.

How does it map to the Sustainable Banking Principles, and what green-finance taxonomy?

It operationalises the SBP environmental & social risk-management and climate principles at the asset level (Principle 1) and surfaces a resilience/green-loan origination shortlist (Principle 2). It does not yet bind that shortlist to a named taxonomy; the intended alignment is the MDB–IDFC Common Principles for Climate Adaptation Finance (context–contribution–monitoring test). Until that mapping is published, green-eligibility is indicative, not certified.

Is it replicable beyond Ghana, and reproducible/auditable?

Yes — the engine is generic; only the hazard layers, gazetteer, supervisory return and parameter set are Ghana-specific, so it ports to other SBFN markets by swapping the local calibration (a localisation kit is the roadmap). It is deterministic and stdlib-only, the parameter set and scenario pathway are stamped on every output, and a gap register states what the screen does not cover and who must close it — so any result can be independently re-run and audited.

Abbreviations & glossary

Every abbreviation and key term used in the tool and its reports.

Abbr.	Full term	What it means here
AAL	Average Annual Loss	Expected damage to a property per year as a fraction of its value (depth-damage × event frequency). The fundamental the money model is built on.
AR6	IPCC Sixth Assessment Report	The latest IPCC assessment (2021–23); the scientific basis for the tool's hazard intensification factors.
BoG	Bank of Ghana	Ghana's central bank and banking supervisor; issuer of the Climate-Related Financial Risk Directive.
CDD	Consecutive Dry Days	A drought / dry-spell index used to project the drought hazard forward.
Composite vulnerability	0–100 composite score	50% weighted hazard load + 50% worst single hazard, banded Low/Moderate/High/Critical.
CRFR	Climate-Related Financial Risk	The BoG Directive (issued Nov 2024) requiring banks to manage and disclose climate risk.
EAD	Exposure at Default	The outstanding loan amount exposed if a borrower defaults; the E in ECL = PD × LGD × EAD.
ECL	Expected Credit Loss	PD × LGD × EAD. The tool produces an indicative annual-marginal climate ECL overlay (not a lifetime/staged IFRS 9 figure).
EPA	Environmental Protection Authority (Ghana)	Ghana's environmental regulator (an Authority under Act 1124, 2025); relevant to the environmental hazards and adaptation.
ESG	Environmental, Social & Governance	The broad sustainability frame within which climate risk sits.
ESRM	Environmental & Social Risk Management	The IFC/SBFN risk framework underlying Ghana's Sustainable Banking Principles.
FFE	Finished-Floor Elevation	The height of a building's floor above ground — a raised plinth is the strongest single flood-adaptation lever.
FSAP	Financial Sector Assessment Program	The IMF/World Bank assessment of a country's financial system, increasingly climate-aware.
GhanaPostGPS	Ghana national digital addressing	Ghana's digital address system (e.g. GA-183-4317); the tool resolves it to coordinates for object-level screening.
GMet	Ghana Meteorological Agency	The national met service; a hazard-data partner.
ICAAP	Internal Capital Adequacy Assessment Process	A bank's own capital-adequacy assessment; the Directive requires climate risk to be integrated into it.
ICAG	Institute of Chartered Accountants, Ghana	Co-develops the BoG Standardized Climate Disclosure Template with BoG.
IFC	International Finance Corporation	The World Bank Group's private-sector arm; runs the Sustainable Banking & Finance Network.
IFRS S2	IFRS Sustainability Standard S2 (Climate)	The ISSB climate-disclosure standard the Directive aligns public disclosures to.
IPCC	Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change	The UN climate-science body; source of the SSP scenarios and AR6.
ISSB	International Sustainability Standards Board	Issuer of IFRS S1/S2.
JRC	Joint Research Centre (EU)	Source of the global flood depth-damage functions (Huizinga et al. 2017, World Bank-hosted) that anchor the loss model — Africa-specific curve used.
LGD	Loss Given Default	The share of exposure lost if a borrower defaults, after recoveries; climate repricing raises it.
LTV	Loan-to-Value	Loan divided by collateral value at origination.
NBFI	Non-Bank Financial Institution	Covered by the Directive from 2027.
NbS	Nature-based Solutions	Green infrastructure (SuDS, green roofs) used both as hazards mitigants and adaptation credits.
NGFS	Network for Greening the Financial System	The central-bank network whose climate scenarios supervisors mandate; offered as a scenario family.
ORASS	Online Regulatory & Analytical Surveillance Software	BoG's supervisory data-submission portal (Regnology/Vizor); the route a future climate return would travel.
PCAF	Partnership for Carbon Accounting Financials	Its 1–5 data-quality scale is reused to flag each asset's confidence (a screen is never better than 3).
PD	Probability of Default	The chance a borrower defaults in a period; rises with negative equity and uninsured damage.
PFR	Property Flood Resilience	Resistant materials, raised sockets, tanked walls — cuts damage given a flood enters.
RCP	Representative Concentration Pathway	The earlier IPCC emissions scenarios; SSPs are the AR6 successors (noted for cross-reference).
Risk profile	Per-asset materiality profile	A tag (coastal / floodplain / farmland / urban) that adapts the six-hazard weighting so an asset's dominant threat leads its score; a coastal or floodplain designation also floors its lead peril at High. Recalibratable, and untagged assets are unchanged.
Rx1day	Maximum 1-day rainfall	An extreme-rainfall index used to project flood/riparian hazards forward (Clausius-Clapeyron ~7%/°C).
SAR	Synthetic-Aperture Radar	The all-weather, day-and-night radar imaging (Sentinel-1) behind the observed-flood overlay; standing open water reads as a smooth, low-return surface.
SBFN	Sustainable Banking & Finance Network	The IFC network that helped build Ghana's Sustainable Banking Principles.
SBP	Sustainable Banking Principles (Ghana)	Ghana's 2019 banking-sustainability principles, adopted by all banks; the Directive builds on them.
SDI	Specialised Deposit-taking Institution	Covered by the Directive from 2027.
Sentinel-1	Copernicus Sentinel-1 (C-band SAR)	European radar satellite that images through cloud, day or night. The tool uses its backscatter change (UN-SPIDER method) to detect where a parcel was actually flooded — observed reality, distinct from modelled susceptibility.
SLR	Sea-Level Rise	The coastal-hazard driver, projected in cm under each scenario.
SREP	Supervisory Review & Evaluation Process	The supervisory assessment into which climate stress results can feed.
SSP	Shared Socioeconomic Pathway	The IPCC AR6 scenario families (SSP1-2.6 / SSP2-4.5 / SSP5-8.5) the tool projects under.
Stressed LTV	Climate-stressed Loan-to-Value	LTV recomputed after the climate collateral repricing haircut; ≥100% means the loan is under-collateralised.
SuDS	Sustainable Drainage Systems	Culverts, soakaways, swales; the core pluvial-flood adaptation.
TCFD	Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures	The disclosure framework folded into IFRS S2.
UN-SPIDER	UN Platform for Space-based Information for Disaster Management	Publishes the standard Sentinel-1 flood change-detection recipe the observed-flood layer follows.
WBGT	Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature	A heat-stress index underlying the heat hazard.